290 research outputs found
The construction of a unit and workbook of exercises for the slow learner to develop comprehension and increase study skills for use in the teaching of an American history unit on the westward movement in the United States on a sixth grade level.
Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University
N.B.:pages missing: 170, 171, 173 from original cop
Gate Voltage Controllable Non-Equilibrium and Non-Ohmic Behavior in Suspended Carbon Nanotubes
In this work, we measure the electrical conductance and temperature of individual, suspended quasi-metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes under high voltage biases using Raman spectroscopy, while varying the doping conditions with an applied gate voltage. By applying a gate voltage, the high-bias conductance can be switched dramatically between linear (Ohmic) behavior and nonlinear behavior exhibiting negative differential conductance (NDC). Phonon populations are observed to be in thermal equilibrium under Ohmic conditions but switch to nonequilibrium under NDC conditions. A typical Landauer transport model assuming zero bandgap is found to be inadequate to describe the experimental data. A more detailed model is presented, which incorporates the doping dependence in order to fit this data
Harvesting Planck radiation for free-space optical communications in the LWIR band
We demonstrate a free-space optical communication link with an optical
transmitter that harvests naturally occurring Planck radiation from a warm body
and modulates the emitted intensity. The transmitter exploits an
electro-thermo-optic effect in a multilayer graphene device that electrically
controls the surface emissivity of the device resulting in control of the
intensity of the emitted Planck radiation. We design an amplitude-modulated
optical communication scheme and provide a link budget for communications data
rate and range based on our experimental electro-optic characterization of the
transmitter. Finally, we present an experimental demonstration achieving
error-free communications at 100 bits per second over laboratory scales
Probing NV and SiV charge state dynamics using high-voltage nanosecond pulse and photoluminescence spectral analysis
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) and silicon-vacancy (SiV) color defects in diamond are
promising systems for applications in quantum technology. The NV and SiV
centers have multiple charge states, and their charge states have different
electronic, optical and spin properties. For the NV centers, most
investigations for quantum sensing applications are targeted on the negatively
charged NV (NV), and it is important for the NV centers to be in the
NV state. However, it is known that the NV centers are converted to the
neutrally charged state (NV) under laser excitation. An energetically
favorable charge state for the NV and SiV centers depends on their local
environments. It is essential to understand and control the charge state
dynamics for their quantum applications. In this work, we discuss the charge
state dynamics of NV and SiV centers under high-voltage nanosecond pulse
discharges. The NV and SiV centers coexist in the diamond crystal. The
high-voltage pulses enable manipulating the charge states efficiently. These
voltage-induced changes in charge states are probed by their photoluminescence
spectral analysis. The analysis result from the present experiment shows that
the high-voltage nanosecond pulses cause shifts of the chemical potential and
can convert the charge states of NV and SiV centers with the transition rates
of MHz. This result also indicates that the major population of the SiV
centers in the sample is the doubly negatively charged state (SiV),
which is often overlooked because of its non-fluorescent and non-magnetic
nature. This demonstration paves a path for a method of rapid manipulation of
the NV and SiV charge states in the future.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure
Intrinsic Optical Transition Energies in Carbon Nanotubes
Intrinsic optical transition energies for isolated and individual single wall
carbon nanotubes grown over trenches are measured using tunable resonant Raman
scattering. Previously measured E22_S optical transitions from nanotubes in
surfactants are blue shifted 70-90 meV with respect to our measurements of
nanotubes in air. This large shift in the exciton energy is attributed to a
larger change of the exciton binding energy than the band-gap renormalization
as the surrounding dielectric constant increases.Comment: Due to a mistake, a different paper was submitted as "revised v2".
This is a re-submission of the origional version in order to correct the
mistak
Spatially-Resolved Temperature Measurements of Electrically-Heated Carbon Nanotubes
Spatially-resolved Raman spectra of individual pristine suspended carbon
nanotubes are observed under electrical heating. The Raman G+ and G- bands show
unequal temperature profiles. The preferential heating is more pronounced in
short nanotubes (2 um) than in long nanotubes (5 um). These results are
understood in terms of the decay and thermalization of non-equilibrium phonons,
revealing the mechanism of thermal transport in these devices. The measurements
also enable a direct estimate of thermal contact resistances and the spatial
variation of thermal conductivity.Comment: To appear in Phys. Rev. Let
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